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Life Ahead - part 1 What is the function of Education ?

Education consists in cultivating intelligence, does it not?
So, is it not the function of education to free you from fear...

[Tạm dịch]
Mục đích chủ yếu của giáo dục là đào tạo ra những con người thông minh, sáng suốt, giải phỏng họ khỏi tất cả mối sợ hãi.

C. Larosepurk nói mục đích chủ yếu của giáo dục là đào tạo ra những người hiểu đạo lý.
    211. Niềm hi vọng mà chúng ta gửi gắm ở người thầy giáo là trước tiên thầy
có thể đào tạo ra những người hiểu đạo lí, sau đó là những người có trí tuệ rồi
cuối cùng mới là những học giả.
   Sự sắp xếp này là có lí, thực tế cũng giống như thế, nếu học sinh không
đạt đến tầng thứ cao nhất thí ít nhất cũng học hỏi được nhiều điều từ đó, nó
khiến người ta trở thành những người có kinh nghiệm và thông minh, không
phải trong trường học thì cũng có ích ở ngoài đời. Giả sử sắp xếp thứ tự này
ngược lại, nghĩa là trước khi học sinh hiểu được đạo lí ở đời thì phải học nắm
vững những điều thuộc phạm trù trí tuệ và những kiến thức từ bên ngoài.
Những kiến thức đó chỉ như một thứ được dán lên cơ thể người ta thôi chứ
không phát triển nhất thể với họ. Đồng thời năng lực tinh thần của họ cũng sẽ
không có bước phát triển nào mà tai hại hơn nữa, tâm trí của họ còn bị làm
hư hỏng bởi những kiến thức mà họ học được. Tại sao chúng tra thường gặp
những học giả (nói chính xác là những người được học hành) có hiểu biết rất
ít ỏi về đạo lí, tại sao những người được đào tạo ra từ các trường học có đầu
óc quái dị lại nhiều hơn bất kì giai cấp nào khác trong xã hội, nguyên nhân
đều từ lí do nói trên.
212. Sự bất cập của trường học.
    Khoa học không thuộc về trường học. Khoa học thuộc về sách vở,thuộc về sự lao động cần mẫn học hỏi từ sách vở, từ cuộc sống chứ không
phải là những kiến thức học được ở nhà trường. Từ khi công nghệ in án được
phát minh thì nhà trường chẳng bao giờ giữ được bất kì một thứ gì thuộc về
khoa học, ngoại trừ nấm mốc.
                   *  *  *
C. Larosepurk nói khá hay và có nhiều điểm gần với JK nhưng có lẽ JK vẫn đúng đắn, thấu đáo hơn nhiều.
Bản dịch trên khá hay có thể áp dụng để dịch JK gần với tiếng Việt hơn, dù rất khó do đặc thù tiếng Việt.

By intelligence I do not mean cunning, or
trying to be clever in order to outdo somebody else. Intelligence, surely, is
something quite different. There is intelligence when you are not afraid. And
when are you afraid? Fear comes when you think of what people may say about
you, or what your parents may say; you are afraid of being criticized, of being
punished, of failing to pass an examination. When your teacher scolds you, or
when you are not popular in your class, in your school, in your surroundings, fear
gradually creeps in.
   Fear is obviously one of the barriers to intelligence, is it not? And surely it is
the very essence of education to help the student—you and me—to be aware of
and to understand the causes of fear, so that from childhood onwards he can live
free of fear.

    Most of us are afraid. Do not say ‘no’ so quickly. We may not have thought
about it; but if we do think about it we will notice that almost everybody in the
world, grown-ups as well as children, has some kind of fear gnawing at the heart.
And is it not the function of education to help each individual to be free of fear,
so that he can be intelligent? That is what we aim at in a school—which means
that the teachers themselves must really be free of fear. What is the good of
teachers talking about fearlessness if they are themselves afraid of what their
neighbours may say, afraid of their wives or their husbands?
    If one has fear there can be no initiative in the creative sense of the word. To
have initiative in this sense is to do something original—to do it spontaneously,
naturally, without being guided, forced, controlled. It is to do something which
you love to do. You may often have seen a stone lying in the middle of the road,
and a car go bumping over it. Have you ever removed that stone? Or have you
ever, when out walking, observed the poor people, the peasants, the villagers, and
done something kind—done it spontaneously, naturally, out of your own heart,
without waiting to be told what to do?
   You see, if you have fear, then all this is shut out of your life; you become
insensitive and do not observe what is going on around you. If you have fear, you
are bound by tradition, you follow some leader or guru. When you are bound by
tradition, when you are afraid of your husband or your wife, you lose your
dignity as an individual human being.
   So, is it not the function of education to free you from fear, and not merely
prepare you to pass certain examinations, however necessary this may be?
Essentially, deeply, that should be the vital aim of education and of every
teacher: to help you from childhood to be completely free of fear so that when
you go out into the world you are an intelligent human being, full of real
initiative. Initiative is destroyed when you are merely copying, when you are
bound by tradition, following a political leader or a religious swami. To follow
anybody is surely detrimental to intelligence. The very process of following
creates a sense of fear; and fear shuts out the understanding of life with all its
extraordinary complications, with its struggles, its sorrows, its poverty, its riches
and beauty—the beauty of the birds, and of the sunset on the water. When you
are frightened, you are insensitive to all this.
    May I suggest that you ask your teachers to explain to you what we have been
talking about? Will you do that? Find out for yourself if the teachers have
understood these things—it will help them to help you to be more intelligent, not
to be frightened. In matters of this kind we need teachers who are very
intelligent—intelligent in the right sense, not just in the sense of having passed
the M.A. or B.A. examinations. If you are interested, see if you can arrange to
have a period during the day in which to discuss and talk about all this with your
teachers. Because you are going to grow up, you are going to have husbands,
wives, children, and you will have to know what life is all about—life with its
struggle to earn a living, with its miseries, with its extraordinary beauty. All this
you will have to know and understand; and the school is the place to learn about
these things. If the teachers teach you merely mathematics and geography,
history and science, that is obviously not enough. The important thing for you is
to be alert, to question, to find out, so that your own initiative may be awakened.


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